Thein Sein Cozah le Kawlram Democracy Thlennak

Salai Van Lian Thang                                                                                                                                                   Biahmaitthi:

Kawlram cu 1962 in ralkap nih kum 60 chung an uk. Democracy ci a mit. Nuhrin covo buarnak in a khat. Vawlei sifakbik Least Developed Countries (LDC) cazin a lut. Eihmuarnak (corruption) fakbik ramah Transaparency International nih a thanh. Ralzam tambik chuahtertu ramah UNHCR nih a puh. Nitlak ram nih dan an tat. Ral a tho lomi Tlangcung miphun an um lo. Nain, 2010 hnuin politik thlihran a phun a hun i dang. Thlennak thlizil a hrang tiah a lung a thomi an um bantuk in lungrawk a si rih a timi zong an um ve. Hilioah ralring tein lunghrinnak mitin a rak cuanhmi zong rak um a si. Tulio ramkhel dirhmun zohfiannak ti khawh tok ka hun tial.  

I SPDC Cozah in USDP Cozah ah (military to civilian rule)

i) 2010 Thimnak: Nov 2010 ah thimnak an tuah. Thutnak (1,154) cuh a si. Kumkul ah voikhatnak a si caah mipi bei a sei. Nain, NLD nih thimnak upadii a pom lo. Thimnak luh cun Pi Suu Kyi Party in chuah a hau. Cucaah thimnak an nuar (boycott). Party an thihter. Nain zeimaw tal a chungin cawl a tha tiah Party (37) thimnak an lut. Nain thimnak cuh man a fah caah rampumpi in cuhtu a thap dih kho Party thawng an um lo. Ralkap Party USDP long a si caah thutnak 883 (76.5 %) in an tei. NLD i cuh seh law Palimen chungin thlennak zeimaw a nor kho deuh hnga tiah a ruatmi an um. 2015 ah thimnak a um than lai.

ii) Palimen Thar: March 2010 ah Paliamen thar an kawh. SPDC kan hrawh tiah an thanh. Phunghram thar a hung nung. Nain Pyidaungsuh Hluttaw (664) cungah 553 (83.9%) cu USDP an si. 20% nih lungrual cun Phunghram remh biatung dirh kho a si. Nain party dang vialte fonh nih 106 (16.1 %) long thazang an ngei. Palimen voihnih an thu. MP pawl nih zalong in bia an chim kho nain USPD duhning in bia a tlu ngot. Bia an hal poah Vuanci nih an phit nain hnulei an tuahserh tampi an chim a tam. Nain Palimen hmasa an thut nakin voihnihnak ah biapipa an hun ceih chin lengmang. Nuclear kong tiang bia an i hal. Dohtu thazang a thawn deuh cun hmailei ah sullam a ngei chin kho men ko tiah a ruatmi an um.

iii) USDP Cozah: Kum 17 rumro uktu Than Swe thutnak in a tum. MP thimfung 332 (50%) hmu long President tlin a si caah Party dang nih an tlinh kho lo. USDP tarmi Thein Sein a hun tling. Ralbawi hlun longte Vuanci ah a tar hna lengah ramkomh min a pu nain Kawlmi longte Vuanci an si dih. Vice-President pakhat ah Shanmi an hun tlaihter. 1948-1962 Palimen democracy chan ah President cu Tlangmi tlaihter ton a si bang hi hmunhma cu Tlangmi lungdamnak ah an ser mi hrim si nih a dawh. Nawl tampi an pe lo. Cu lengah pistol ai thlaih hrim nih: Defence, Border le Home Vuanci an tlaih lengah National Defence Security Council (NDSC) an dirh rih i, cu nih a rem a ti cun ralkap nih uknak a lak than lai, ti a si. Hi NDSC chungtel tam deuh cu ralbawi an si tikah uknak (sovereingty) cu ralkap kutah a um tiah mipi hnabei a dong ton. Nain, SPDC Cozah lio cu Vuanci pawl nawl an ngei lo a tu USPD Cozah Vuanci cu nawl an ngei deuh ngai, ti a si ve.

II. Thein Sein le Thlennak (Thein Sein and Reforms)

Thein Sein cu Than Swe nih chak a merhmi men a si lai i thlennak zei a chuahpi lai lo tiah ruah a si. Nain President cohlannak (inaugural speech) a hun chim i Cozah thar pawlici ah: Cozah tha ser, eihmuarnak (corruption) doh, cunglei tlaihkhihnak zorter (decentralization), phunghram remh duh cun remh kong hna a mah lila nih a thok tikah mipi hnabeiseinak a hung thar. NLD nih donnak cathanh an chuah phah. Tlam cu a tling lo in thlennak zeimaw cu a kalpi taktak ve.

Thlennak (reforms):

i) Thongtla chuah: Thongtla 22,000 voihnih in an chuah. Nain ramkhel thongtla 250 hrong long an i tel lengah hruaitu Khun Htun Oo le Min Ko Naing te an hren rih tikah mipi lung a dam lo. Nain kan chuah rih lai tiah bia voihnihthum an tiam i buainak a um locun tlawmpal ah an chuah rih te kho men. Nain ramkhel thongtla zat hi AIPP nih 1600, Hillary nih 1000 hrong, MNHRC nih 500 hrong, Aung Kyi le Suu Kyi tonah 600-700 kar, chimzat hi ai dan cio tikah zeizatset dah an um ti zong i fian a har ngai ve.

ii) Media zalonnak: Freedom House nih Kawlram cu media zalonnak a phit bikmi ram ah a puh. Nain, Thein Sein a kai hnuah zalonnak zeimaw a onh. VOA, RFA, DVB, BBC dohnak Cozah tadinca in an hnawh. Vuanci nih ramleng radio ah interview hna an phi. Tonnak hna an ngei. Cozah dohtu ramleng website hna ramchung in rel kho ding an on. Nain Tlangmi nuhrin covo buarnak, i kahdohnak thong hna kha tial an phih dih ve rih tikah a ong thlu ve rih lo.

iii) Ramzam kirnak: August thla ah Thein Sein nih ramleng a ummi nan kir duhcun kir kho a si tiah a chim. NCGUB upa MP Peter Limbing hna a kir. Cozah dohtu EBO upa Harn Yawnghwe zong a va tlawng. Mi zeimazat kir an i tim nain ram palai zung nih ca an chuahpiak rih hna lo tiah a chim zong an um. Nain cheukhat nih thongtla hmanh a chuah dih rih lo. Official in thanhmi a si lo. Upadii sermi zong a um lo, thutdirnak zong a siam rem lo, tiah kir a tih mi zong an um ve.

iv) ASSK chonhnak: NLD nih sipuazi dantatnak a herh a ti ruangah tuanbia chia in a dong lai tiah an hro lengah UN commission of enquiry ka dirkamh a ti ruangah phunglo party nan si hih, tiah ralrin ca an pek. Hihi Thein Sein kai hnu a si. Nain tlawmpal ah Vuanci Aung Kyi nih Pi Suu Kyi a komh colh. Cozah kai hnu voithum an i chon. Thein Sein he an i tong rih i Thein Sein hi thlen duhnak taktak a ngei, tiah ka ruah, tiah Pi Suu Kyi nih a chim tikah a ram lakmi a kau hringhran. Thein Sein he chunglei bia hri tlaihnak zeimazat an ngei kho men tiah ruah an si. Idohnak an hrial i kumkul ah an i rembik caan a hung si.

v) Daihnak sawmnak: Thein Sein nih Tlangmi hriamthlai phu kahdaihnak sawmnak a thanh. 1963 ah Ne Win nih a thanh bal ve i kum 50 ah a voihnihnak a si. 1989 hrong i chonhnak cu MI phuahchom a si. Official in thanh in sawm a um bal lo caah a lakin liamter sawh a pam a timi an um.Cun ralkap cu caan karlak Cozah kan si, politik cu Cozah thar he i chon te uh timi bia a rak um tikah ruahchannak a ngeihter khun. Kahdaihnak i chonhning cu 1. kahdaihnak tuah 2. pehtlaihnak zung on 3. umnak hmunhma veve kal ah meithal i put lo 3. thanchonak riantuanti, timi pathum hi ramkulh Cozah he tuah hnu. Cu hnuah palinak ah Union Cozah he politik biaruahnak kan tuah lai, tiah a sawm hna. Vuanci Aung Min nih cun Naypyidaw ah Pinlung bantuk Civuipi kan kawh lai. Phunghram zong remh kho a si, Pi Suu Kyi zong ai tel ve lai, tiah a chim tikah beiseinak a lian khun.   

iv) Myitson Dam: Myitgyina in meng 26 hlatnak Irawaddy tiva cu an kham i 6,000 megawatts Electric power chuah an timh. 2017 ah a dih cun vawlei ah a nganbik 15 nak a si lai. US $ 3.6 billion a dih ding a si. Tuluk nih a liam lai. Kawlram nih 10 % electric a lak lai. 15 % project shares a tin lai i a dang cu Tuluk ramah kum 50 chung a kuat dih lai nain nguaikhuai a lak ve lai. Tuluk nih kum 50 hnuah Kawlram kut an pek than lai. Nain pakhat khat a caan sualcun Myitgyina khuapi cu ti nih a phum kho. Tiva thingkung ramkung a hrawh ding a nganh tuk tikah mipi nih an dohning a fak hringhran. Cucaah Thein Sein nih kan Cozah chung cu kan ngol lai tiah a thanh thut. Mipi khuaruah har in an i lawm. Tuluk a thin a hung ngai nain Wunn Maung Lwin an thlah colh i an va remter. Cozah an ser chung long ngol timh a si caah an peh than te lai maw ti bel lunghrinnak a thi lo.

v) Phung upadii thar: Palimen an thut hnuin Bills 23 a lut. Bills 12 cu upadii in a nung cang. Hi chungah Private School Bill, Labor Organization Bill, Party Registration Amendments Bill, Peaceful Gathering and Demonstration Bill, Ward or Village-tract Administration Bill hna cu mipi ca a biapi khun. Nain sandahpiah duhcun nawl lak a har tukmi te hna, khuabawi thimnak ah nawlngeitu an i rolh tukmi te hna, Pyituh Hluttaw Bill ah Unlawful Act in sualphot mi cu nunchung thimfung thlak khap ding an remh thanmi te hna, Labor law an chuah nain register a tuahmi an phih rih mi le child soldeirs an tam rih mi te hna nih soisel a um ter ngai ve.

(vi) Comission thar: Myanmar National Human Rights Commission (MNHRC) cu Sept ah an dirh. Nuhrin covo buarnak a tuar poah zual ko kho kan si tiah an thanh. Hi buu nih President sin thongtla chuah ding an nawl tlawmpal ah an chuah taktak tikah zumhnak tlawmpal an hung um. Nain mi tam deuh ruahnak ah Cozah kutke men an si hnga maw zeitlukdah mah tein cawlnak nawl an ngeih hnga tiah an cuanh liopi a si.UN Rapportuer kumthar Feb ah Kawlram a tlawng lai i a ton hna hnuah March ah Human Rights Council ah ripawt a pek lai. MNHRC nih zeitluk an cawl kho timi nih UN Commission of Enquirty nor rih a herh le herh lo bia khiah dawh a si.

Thein Sein le Buainak (Existing Problems):

Thein Sein a kai hnuah thlennak zeimaw hmalaknak a ngei len nain hmun dangdang ah buainak le harnak (problems) tampi an rak um ve.

i) Phung tha lo: Mi pa khat kha an duhphot cun tlaih in thong a thla khomi phungtha lo (repressive laws) tampi a nung rih. UN Rappotuer nih phung (11) hi cu vawlei nih hmanmi phung (international standards) he ai kalh, remh a hau, tiah 63rd UN General Assembly ah ripawt a rak pek cang. Hi phung tha lo pawl hi Phunghram article 446 ah Palimen nih a remh a hrawh locun a nung peng lai ti a si. MP Thein Ngunt nih August 2011 ah remhding in Palimen ah biatung voihnih a dirpi nain an hnawl. Hi phung an nun chung cu mipi kan him lo caah soiselnak a um peng rih.

ii) Tlangmi kahnak: Kahdaihnak biaruah khatlei in a sawm nain khatlei ah a bikin Kachin KIO/KIA cu fakpi in an hmuncia ah an luhhnawh hna i miakpi miakte hmang in an phomh. Tamtuk te an i that cang. Kumkul ah a fakbik kahnak a chuak. Umnak ngei lo ralzam (IDPs) thong 30,000 hlei lo harsat an tong. KNU le buu dang zong an i kap peng. Tlangpar in thisen a luangpeng rih. Hi nih Thein Sein nih thlen a duh timi cu zumhlonak lung a hrinter ve.

ii) Nuhrin Covo: Tukum Nov ah WLB nih ripawt an chuah i thla (8) chungah nu (81) tlaihhrem an tuar. 36 thah an ing, tiah an tial. November thla chung thiam ah Partner Relief and Development nih 'Crimes in Northern Burma' timi ripawt an chuah. Phycisian for Human Rights nih 'Under Siege in Kachin State' ripawt an chuah rih. Nuhrin covo buarnak a tam rih zia a lang. Tukum 21 Nov ah UN General Assembly Third Committee an thu. Kawlram nuhrin covo burnak ripawt (draft) pawm le pawm lo an ceih Thimfung an lak i ram 98 nih an dirkamh. 2010 ah ram 96 nih an dirkamh i ram hnih in tukum an hun i chap nih nuhrin covo buarnak a fah rih zia kha a langhter khun. 

III Tulio Ramkhel Dirhmun (political situation)

i) USDP le Tatmadaw: Cozah thar a kai tikah ralbawi in tampi an dinhter hna caah an lung a dam lo lengah ramthen Vuancichoh le Tainghmu Buchoh karah nawl I cuhnak a um caah USDP le Tatmadaw kar zeitluk an feh te hnga tiah ruah a si. Cun thlen a duhmi Thein Sein phu le thlen a duhlomi Tin Aung Myint Oo phu karah harnak zong a um. Tulio ahcun Swe Mann le Buchohci Myit Aung Hlaing nih Thein Sein leiin an dir caah thlen a duhmi phu nih an tei lio a si, tiah an chim. Cun hauhruang cungah a dir i zeilei hmanh a tang lomi laklawh phu an um ve. Hi phu hi an tambik tia si i teinak a hmumi phu leipoah an zuang te lai an zumh. Swe Mann nih Hillary sinah ralkap nih uknak an chut than bal ti lai lo tiah a chim. Nain, Tin Aung Myint Oo phu nih cun rak kir than ko tiah Than Swe an sawm len ti a si ve. Thein Sein nih palhnak nganpi a tuah sual lo cun a kir lai cu an zum ti lo. Myanmah Alin lengah Swe Mann, Htay Oo, Kyaw San nih Than Swe cu ai din cang (retired) tiah an chim dih nain MI bawi Bochoh Soe Shein nih a kal umpi pengmi zohah hnulei in nawl a ngei rih kho men ko ti a si ve. Tlangmi kahnak zong a mah awder in a si rih a timi an um. USDP hruaitu chungah uknak cu Palimen pekmi a si lo, USDP kut pekmi a si, zungzal kan uk peng lai, tiah a ruatmi an um caah 2015 thimnak ah USDP nih bia tak tein tei an i tim rih lai. Tin Aung Myint OO belte a rian in dinh te dawh in an chim i Thein Sein zong a ngandam a that lo caah peh rih ai timh lo cun Swe Mann hi Pyituh Hluttaw in President ah an tar te lai an zumh. Cun Myint Aung Hlaing hi tlawmpal ah kum 60 a tling lai. Phungning in pensen lak a zat lai caah Tatmadaw MP nih Vice President caah an tar te lai an zumh. Vice President pakhat hmunhma hi cu Tlangmi lungdamnak ca hrim ah sermi dawh in an chim i 2015 pin zongah Tlangmi nih an tuan te ko lai tiah zumh a s

ii) NLD dirhmun:  Thimnak upadii an remh than caah NLD nih register a tuah than. Caan karlak thimnak (bye-election) an i cuh lai. Kumthar hramthok ah tuah dawh a si. Hmun 48 cuhding a um. Pi Suu Kyi zong cuh ai tim ve. 1990 thimnak ah siseh, 2010 thimnak siseh, thong an hren lio a si lengah ramdang pasal a ngei ti bantuk phunphun hmangin thimnak a luh an kham ton. Cucaah tutan ai cuh kho ding cu a lawmhpi mi an tam. Palimen chung bel ahcun NLD nih thutnak zapi a lak zongah USDP dohnak ahcun lungpi kechuih a lo rih lai. Tlangmi umnak ahcun NLD nih a lak dih kho lai ti zong zumh a har fawn. Nain Palimen ah thazang a tlawm zongah Pi Suu Kyi a thut cun a huham nih Palimen thlihran thlennak leiah a mermi a hmual a um deuh ve kho men tiah an zumh. Pi Suu Kyi nih NLD hmaithlakmi (action-plans) pathum a tar. Cucu upadii nawlngeihnak (rule of law), ramchung daihnak (internal peace) le phunghram remh (constitution amendments) an si. Hi pathum hi NLD nih Palimen chungin zeitin a tlamtlinh kho te hnga ti cu Thein Sein he an i chonhbiaknak nih tampi lai a rel te men lai.

iii) Tlangcung Miphun: Phu 5 in a tlangpi in kan um. Ramleng ah hriamtlai UNFC phu, hriam a tlai nain UNFC member a silomi phu, ENC buukomh, an um. Ramchung ah thimnak a nuarmi UNA phu le Palimen ah a thumi Brotherhood Forum tiah an um. ENC cu state-based in dirhmi a si, UNFC he naih tein an um. Ramchung UNA cu an hruaitu thong in an chuah rih lo chung cu thimnak luh kong ruat rih dawh in an lang lo. Brotherhood Forum cu Palimen chungin ti khawh tok chimrel an i zuam ve. Tulio cu hriamtlai phu dirhmun hi a biapi ngai.  UNFC phu a lut lomi UWSA, NDDA, DKBA (5th Brigade) le RCSS/SSA cu kahdaihnak min an thut cang. UNFC cu hriamtlai phu (12) nih an dirh i tlaihtleng ah chungtel nih a duhcun ramkulh Cozah he kahdaihnak a ser kho, nain politik cu aw khatin UNFC minin Union Cozah he kan chim lai, timi a um. UNFC chung belah kahngolnak tuah hlanah politik i ceih hmasa a duhmi an um. UNFC minin chonh duh lo in a pikpak in a kan chonh cu thenthek dih a kan duh caah a si tiah a puhmi an um bantukin nmithal a kan kahmi ngolta seh a timi an um. Nain, UNFC full member a simi CNF, KIO, KNU, KNPP, NMSP nih a tlangpi cun kahdaihnak a pawmmi an tam. Buu ah an biaruah a tlakpi thanmi le chonh than ding a hnatla mi zong an um. Tlawmpal ahcun kahdaihnak min an thut dih cio kho men tiah ruah an si. CNF zong February ah kahdaihnak min thut ve dawh an si.Pakhat a ummi bel cu: UNFC associate member pawl KNO, PSLF, LDC, NUPA, PNLO le WNO hna cu voikhat hmanh Cozah nih a chon ve rih hna lo caah UNFC buukomh in lungrual tein zeitluk fek in dah an kalti peng kho te hnga tiah a rak cuanhmi zong rak um a si ve. 

iv) Ramleng dirhmun:  Dirhmun pakhat (common policy) an ngei lo. Phu hnih in an kuai. Nitlak ram nih democracy a nor lioah pawngkam ram nih daihnak (stability) tu a biapi tiah an chonh. Nitlakram nih sipuazi dan an tat lioah pawngkam ram nih sipuazi an tuahpi tikah a hmual a fak kho lo. Cozah thar a kai cangka in Australia, Bratain, Norway, EU palai hna cu thlennak a um le um lo zohah Kawlram an tlawng cio. Hillary zong a va tlawng ve. Thlennak muisam a leng ko an ti. Palimen ah Pi Suu Kyi a bia an pawmpining, Tlangmi he daihnak an serning, thongtla an chuahning zohin dantatnak (sanction) an phoih te men lai. Hi lioah Asean Summit nih 2014 ah Asean Chairman Kawlram tlaih ding bia a rak khiah ve. Regional and International meetings zeimaw cu Thein Sein nih a mikhual cang lai. Hinih vawlei nih a kan pawm (recognize) cang tiah Thein Sein a hngalter kho ve i mipi hnu a chitter kho bantukin thlennak lei a hnuhpi chinchin tu thil zong a si kho ve thiam. UN rapportuer Guintana le US palai Derek Mitchel hmalaknak ahcun hmual a um ko tiah ruah a si lioah UN palai Nambiar tucu Tlangmi hnu a kan chit deuh tiah puhnak a um ve. Nain, kumthar ah Ban-Ki-Mon Kawlram tlawn ai tim. Hinih UNO hmalaknak thazang a thawnter chin deuh ngai lai zumh a si.

IV. Kawlram Buainak Pathum (Three main problems):

i) Ralkap dirpimi  (military supremacy): Ralkap lungput ah ramkomh a dirpi kho suttung umchun cu ralkap (military institution) long kan si, timi ruahnak a um. 1947 luatnak kan doh, 1958 U Nu AFPL Party pahnih buainak kan kham, 1962 Tlangmi buainak kan kham, 1988 mipi buainak kan kham, kan mah locun, ram hi a kekdarh cang lai, tiah an ruah. Cucaah ralkap cu zeinak in a cung ummi kan si timi (supremacy) lungput an ngei. Ram a dawbikmyochit tatmadaw an i ti. Kawlram ah miphun 135 kan um i ralkap nih kan huh lo cun miphun fa tete in cheu tampi in ram hi a kuai lai, tiah an ruah. Cucaah Palimen ah 25% nih kan ven rih a hau, zeimaw sualah NDSC min in kan kham rih a hau, Defence, Border le Home Ministry le bang cu uniform hruk ralbawi Vuanci nih kan tlaih rih bak a hau, ti a si. Cucaah ramhruainak ah ralkap kan i tel lai ticu phunghram (principle) ah an tial. Hi ralkap ruahning (problems) hi ceih lo cun hmai a fong kho ding in a lang lo. 

ii) Kawlmi dirpimi (NLD issue): 1962 ah ralkap nih uknak an lak caah democracy a dong. Cucaah Kawlram buainak hrampi cu democracy a si, tiah a bikin Kawl miphun nih an ruah. Democracy cu pakhatnak, Tlangmi kong cu pahnihnak ah an chiah.1990 thimnak ah NLD nih democracy min putin teinak a hmu. Nain, ralkap nih uknak an pe duh lo. Cu nih kumkul chung i doh i renghnak fakbik a hrinter chap. NLD cu dohtu nganbik ah a hung cang. Cucaah democracy kong (problem) hi kan ceih locun hmai kan fong kho lo, ti a si ve. Cu phu hruaitu ah ASSK hruaimi NLD le Kawl miphun deuh biapi in an dir tiah ruah a si.

iii) Tlangmi dirpimi (ethnic issue): Buchoh Aung San an thah hnuah Kawl Cozah phunphun nih Panglong biatiam Federal phung in Phunghram tial an duh lo hi Kawlram buainak hrampi a si, tiah Tlangmi nih an ruah. Cucaah Phunghram buainak (constitutional crisis) hi phisin a hau, an ti. Federal phung long nih mah tein uknak (self-rule), itluknak (equality), tlangmi covo (ethic rights) a chuahpi kho lai, tiah an zumh. Tlangmi kong phisin hi Kawlram ah pakhatnak bik ah chiah a si ve. Cucu nunnak thap in hriamnam he an dirpi.

Ralkap nih 1990 thimnak phichuak cu kumkul a hlot. NLD nih ralkap nih ram hruainak ah i tel cu democracy he ai kalh a ti ve. Tlangmi nih Federal kong chim hmasa a herh an ti lioah Ralkap nih Federal cu ramkhuainak a si, a ti ve hoi. Cucaah hi buainak pathum hi Ralkap, NLD le Tlangmi nih buuthum komh (tripartite dialogue) nih cabawi cungah an ceih a herh, ti a si. Cucu UN General Assembly nih 1994 in a nor lengmang.

V. Damnak Sii Phunthum (Three solutions):

i) Displined democracy: General Saw Mawng nih nitlak ram hmanmi democracy phun cu kan pe kho hna lai lo, nan duh ve ahcun va kal uh, chuahnak nawl kan pek hna lai, tiah a rak chim. Cu ningin, Thein Sein nih 'disciplined democracy' an timi innpi chungah a kan luhpi cuahmah taktak. Thlennak tampi a tuah len tak nain ralkap phunghram chung le discipline democracy hauhruang chung longin a si. Hi sii in a kan thlop tikah mipi kan dam kho dih lo. Hi hauhruang lengah chuah in a pin ah damnak sii 'genuine democracy' lak kan duh.

ii) Geniune democracy: Pi Suu Kyi nih pakhatnak a chiahmi cu: upadii nawlngeihnak (rule of law) a si. udicial independent, a si. Cucaah Thein Sein he zong rem dawh an si caah Pi Suu Kyi nih genine democracy cu a kan zuampi kho te men ko lai i damnak sii pakhat cu duhsah in kan hmuh te men ko lai.Sihmanhsehlaw, democracy cu miphun tam deuh uknak (majorty rule) a si caah Tlangmi zawtnak a damter kho hoi ti lo. Hi sii hi kan damnak a si ahcun U Nu Palimen democracy chan ah kan rak dam diam cang hnga. Cucaah democracy hauhruang lengin sii va dap rih a hau than.

iii) Federal system: Tlangmi zawtnak damnak caah sii phunkhat Federal phung in ramser a si. Cu damnak sii cu phunghram chungah a rak um i phunghram in damter a hau. Cucu Pi Suu Kyi nih kan zuampi ve hna lai a ti. Hi sii ngeitu Thein Sein zong nih kan pek kho hna le pek kho hna lo kan ceih hnik tuah lai cu tiah a kan sawm caah Naypyidaw ceih dingin kan i tim cuahmah cu a si.

VI. Thlennak Tlolhmi (Failure of Transtitions)

i) U Nu chan: 1961 thimnak ah Nu-Tin Party leiah ralkap an tang duh lo. Shwe-Ngin leiah an tang. U Nu Pyidawngsu Party nih thimnak a tei tikah ralkap an lung a si lo. U Nu nih thil sual zeitik a tuah lai i uknak kan chuh lai ti an bawh. U Nu zong nih ralkap tham cu Cozah fialmi poah a tuah ding an si tiah hnu a rak chit i zei a rel hna lo. Culio teah Tlangmi nih Federal phung in phunghram remh an rak i tim. U Nu nih cohlanpi a rak timh. Cucu caantha hmangin Ne Win nih Federal cu ramkhuainak a si tiah uknak a lak. Ralkap nih uknak an lak duh ve hrim cu a si nain U Nu zong nih Cozah a ser hnuah ralkap hnulei a rak chit dih ve i a rak sizung than hna lo kha a palh tuk an ti ve. Thlennak caan tha pakhat kan tlolh. 

ii) 1988 buai lio: Mipi sandahpiahnak nih kum 26 chung rumro uktu Ne Win kan thlak. Mi thongthum nunnak pek a si. Mipi kutah uknak fawi tein lak khonak caan rem a rak um. Sianghleirun rual nih U Nu, Pi Suu Kyi, U Tin Oo, U Vum Ko Hau te cu an kulh hna i karlak Cozah (interim government) dirh uh, tiah an forh hna. Cucu an rak dirh kho ahcun ram tampi nih an rak dirpi lai i ram mipi kut uknak a rak phan kho men ti a si. Nain an i ceih tikah pakhat le pakhat an bia an i hmu kho lo. Tlawmpal ah Saw Mawng hruaimi ralkap SLORC nih uknak kan lak tiah an thanh. Thlennak kan rak tlolh hoi.

iii) BCP le NDF: Pi Suu Kyi NLD a um hlan ah Ne Win BSPP Cozah dohtu ngan: NDF le BCP a rak um. NDF hi phu (11) in an rak i fonh i an thawng taktak. Nitlak ram le Thailand nih a chungin an dirpi. Democracy phu nih an dirpi. BCP hi Tuluk Comunist phu nih a dirpi ve i an thawng kho taktak ve. Hi phuhnih an i komh ahcun BSPP Cozah cu fawi tein rak thlak kho dawh an si. Nain 1986 ah NDF palai pawl cu BCP hmunpi Paingsaing ah an va kal i fonh ding an ceihpi hna. Nain, BCP cu Kawl nih an hruai i Tlangmi covo kong an lungtlinpi kho lo caah an i rem kho lo. 1989 ah BCP tengnge Wah, Kokaing, Lahu, Palong pawl cu BCP Kawl pawl sin an lungtlin loin an chuak. Cu cangka Khin Ngunt nih BCP chuak pawl cu NDF ah an i fonh lai ti phan ah a lem colh hna i kahdaihnak min a thutpi. BCP cu cheu tampi a kuai a thi. NDF chung zong in KIO te pawl an chuak i kahdaihnak min an va thut ve tikah NDF nih buu in a chuah ve lawlaw hoi. Tuchun ah NDF zong a dir kho ve ti lo. Hruaitu hna pumkhatnak rak ser kho lo ruangah thlennak caan tha pakhat kan rak tlolh rih.

iv)1990 thimnak: 1990 thimnak ah NLD nih a tei cikcek. Pi Suu Kyi thongah an hren. NLD nih July 1990 ah Ghandhi Hall ah Civui an kawh, mipi hnabei a senak a sang, Cozah thlennak (transition plan), Vuanci min, Palimen kawh caan a ni thla tiangin an hun chuahpi dih lai i uknak an lak cang lai, tiah bawh na lakah, Phunghram (temporary constitution) kan tial lai, ti tu a hun si ko. NLD nih Cozah rak ser seh law ram tampi nih pawmpi ding ready in an rak um dih. Nain NLD hruaitu hna nih Pi Suu Kyi um lo cun ramhruai ding pakhat hmanh an rak i ready ve rua lo. Cu thadernak cu SPDC nih caan tha a lak i a mah tu nih National Convention a kawh, NLD zong cu a kai ve rih hoi, SPDC nih a duhning poah in a kalpi i kumkul hnuah tuchun kan phanh hi a si. Thlennak caantha ngai kan rak tlolh hoi.

VII. Thlennak Lam Pathum (Three ways for transtition)

i) Palimen chungin: Tlawmpal ah NLD Palimen a thu ve lai. Palimen chungin zeitiangdah an nor kho hnga? Bye-election ah thutnak 48 long a um i a lak dih zongah thazaang a tlawm tuk rih thiam. 20% dohtu MP an tlin locun Phunghram remh biatung dirh hmanh a har ngai lai. Cucaah hi lampi cu thil pipa thlennak caah ruahchannak chiah ngam ding a tlawm deuh ngai rih.

ii) Biaruahnak chungin: Tlawmpal ah Tlangmi le Thein Sein Cozah Naypyidaw ah chonh dingin min an thut. Zeitlukdah hnatlaknak an ngeihti kho te hnga? Vuanci Aung Min bia ning a si ahcun Pinlung Conference nak hmanh in sullam thuk deuh dawh in a chim caah hi lam hi ruahchannak a um bik rih. Nain ram in chuahnak nawl (seccesion right) hna kan hal ahcun zeitikhmanh a kan lungtlinpi lai zumh a har ngai ve.

iii) 2015 Cozah chungin: 2015 ah thimnak a um than lai. NLD a luh ahcun Cozah zong a ser kho men. Thimnak ah ralkap nih a duhpoah in mipi a mawng kho lo. Mipi nih an covo an dirkamh tikah USDP longpi a lawr sawh peng kho lai lo. Cucaah a cunglei lampi pahnih in thil a si kho lo hmanh ah thlennak cu kum 5 dan tuahnolh lengmang ding thimnak hmangin duhsah in thlennak (gradual transtition) cu a chuak te ko lai zumh a um.

Tlangkawmnak:

Thein Sein nih thlennak caah zeiset tiang a kan kalpi duh lai ti chim a har nain phunthum in a ra kho ve. Pakhatnak cu: Decentralization policy in mah tein uknak (greater autonomy) kauhpiak chap. Pahnihnak cu: phunghram remh in mah tein uknak (self-rule) pek. Pathumnak cu: phunghram a thar in tial i mah tein uknak (self-determination) pek, an si. Wah miphun (UWSA) cu pakhatnak sii hin an dam ko rua i an dam piang tak maw ti bel theih a si lo. Tlangmi tampi cu kan dam lai lo a fiang. 

Cucaah Phunghram a remh in remh in tah kan dam lai maw? Remh ahcun tahchunhnak ah Tlangholh cawnnak tiang long kan onh hna seh law kan dam lai maw? Zeitluk in kan i rengh (bargain) kho timi ah tampi bia a um lai. Zeibantuk peih pungsan in kan ke hleng phelh an kan timh zongah kan i ralrin thiam ding timhlamhnak tha tu a herh ko.  

Thein Sein nih thlennak a kalpi ko. Nain 2008 phunghram le discipline democracy hauhruang chungin a si. Hi hauhruang pah in a pin tiang kal kan duh. Hi kalnak caah Pi Suu bia bang Thein Sein nih thlen duhnak taktak (political will) a ngeih tak a si ahcun tlawmpal ah ram ai thleng tak ko lai. Tatmadaw an i kulh khenhmi hauhruang dangte a um than i faktuk in kan va hrawh piak sual lem hna lo ahcun Phunghram remh nawl zong an kan cohlanpi kho te men. Hramhram in hauhruang kan boah i luh kan i timh sual bel ahcun ralkap uknak a ra than lai ti cu a fiang ngai ve. Cucaah a lamthlur chungin kal thiam hi a tha bik a si ko. Tuanbia ah voili thlennak caantha kan rak tlolh cang. Tutan cu tlolh ti hna hlah uh sih.

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