Ralkap (Tatmadaw) chunglei Umtuning Zohfiannak

Salai Van Lian Thang  

DOTKHATNAK

Uknak chuttu Tatmadaw

Vawlei kakip ah kum (1962 –1974) kar Ralkap nih Mipi Uknak hramhram hrawh in an chuh voi (64) a rak um. Tuchun ah, Uknak chuttu Ralbawi Ne Win nih 1962 kumah a lakmi Burma ram le Ralbawi Mohammar Khadaffy nih 1969 ah a lakmi Libya ram long cu chungah an hmun cang.  

Tatmadaw Ralkap tuni tiang hi tluk lommam an pennak a hmunh, an dirhmun a feh kho rih hi cu Asia politics ah khuaruahhar (enigma) pakhat ah an hun telhpah theo len cang. Cozah an tlaih khawh sawh long si lo, sipuazi suttung pi Ralkap tangah cang kho lo in an hum, UN le ramkip dohnak chunglei ngai pem kho loin an phih, hriamtlai pawl hmaifong kho lem lo in an kham, ramkhelbu pawl cawlcang kho lo in an kutke an tem, mipi tho kho lo in an huh khawh tuk lengah, duhtawk in polici an thlak, project an suai rih i, kiakkawi lo tein lam phei kal tein an kal cuahmah peng rih hi cu, ' a mak ko' a khuaruah a harmi an um pah theo ko.

Cucaah zeitinkodah Tatmadaw chunglei umtuning an ser hnga i, zeidah an fehfuannak hrampi a domhtlaihtu a si hnga, an zumhnak hrampi (military doctrine) hi hninhsaih khawh lo in zeinidah a fehter hna hnga i, zeidah an thisen ah an ronh i an i cawnpiakbik hnga, zeibantuk tlaihtleng dah an tuk piak hna i, an thluak chungah an khumh hnga, cun tulio an i thithruaining tete lengah an chungah buainak tete le hmailei a cang kho ding an dirhmun tete hopoah theihduh ngaimi a si theo.

Bu Thithruaining, Rian phortzamhning le Nawl semzaining  

1988 hlanah Chief of Staff tlaitu Bo Gyoke Kyee (General) pakhat nih ramchung hriamtlai a uk dih. Rampi President nih a zohpi. 1990 hnuah an thlen i,Bo Gyoke Hmu Gyi (Senior General) timi min thar an phuah. Cucu Than Swe nih a tlaih. Cu Commander in Chief tiah auh minih, Lei, Ti, Van ralkap vialte a uk dih lengah riamrian (political) leizong a tlaihchih dih. Cu ralbawibik tangah:

1Du Bo Gyoke Hmu Gyi (Vice Senior General) pakhat a um i, Deputy Commender in Chief zong a si chih. Cucu Mawng Aye nih a tlaih. Lei Ralkap (Army) vialte hoatubik a si fawn lengah SPDC Vice Chairman zong a si chih.. Cun Lei, Ti, Van Ralbawi hna rian khaikhomtu ah Joint Chief of Staff ( Bo Gyoke Gyi) Thurah Swe Mann an thim. Cu ralbawi nganbik hna tangah:

Bureau of Special Operation – BSO ( Ka Sa Hta) cu (6) ah an then i rampumpi an uk. Du Bo Goke Kyee ( Lt. General) pakhat cio nih an hruai. BSO pakhat nih RMC ( Tine Hmu) pathum or pahnih komh a si. Pyi Ne or Tine pahnih thum fonh in an uk, kan ti lai cu. Lairam cu BSO (1) ukmi chungah an khumh. BSO lutlai hna hi SPDC Council chungtel an si colh i nawl ngei takmi an si. Hi BSO Ralbawi hna hi cunglei ( full general) tiang an kai kho ti lo ahcun rianh dinhter or rianphuah ngot an si. Riansang a si caah Than Swe le Mawng Aye nih an mizumh chiah an i cuhnak hmunpi a si. BSO ( Ka Sa Hta) tangah:

Regional Military Command- RMC ( Tine Sit Htar Na Choke) cu rampumpi hmun (13) ah an then i an uk. Bo Gyoke ( Major General) nih an hruai. Tine Hmu ti mi kha an si. Lairam hi Nort West regional command tangah chiah a si i, Tine Hmu cu Monywa ah a thu. Nawlngei tak, siangpahrang fate bantuk an si ve i, Rampi vialte uk khawhnak caah Tine Hmu pawl khaikhom kho hi a biapi ngai ah ruah a si. Cucaah Than Swe le Mawng Aye nih an mizumh chiah an i cuhnak hmunpi a si theo. Tine Hmu kum thum li tuan hnu BSO lutlai dirhmun an kai lo ahcun Vuanci or Du Vuanci lei thial an si . Culocun phuah, riandinh ter i, tanglei Ralbawi pawl caah hmunhma kianhter theo an si.

3.       Tine Hmu (RMC) hruainak tangah Regional Operation Command ( Da Ka Sa) le Military Operation Command (Sa Ka Kha) an um than. Da Ka Sah hi Kawlram pumpi ah hmun (6) in umhmun an khuar. Sa Ka Kha hi cu hmun (20) ah hmunpi an ngei. Bo Hmu Gyoke (Brigadier General) nih an uk veve hna. Lairam ah hmunpi an ngei lo. Kalay Da Ka Sa le Kyeekone Sa Ka Kha hi hmun naihbik an si. Sa Ka Kha pakhat tangah Tat Yin (10) an um. Da Sa Kah tucu Tat Yin (4) long an chiah. Da Sa Kah Hmu cu LID/MOC/TOC commendar hna kar riantlaitu a si. Cu dot ah: Tactical Operation Command- TOC (Nee Pyu Har) an um i, Bo Hmu Gyi ( Lt Colonel) pakhat nih a hruai. Pyu Har pakhat ah Tat Yin (3) in an dirh. Cunglei ralbawi ngan deuh kainak caaah Bo Hmu Gyi level hrong an riantuannak hi a biapi taktak ah an chiah ton. Cucaah fakpi in an i zuam.

4.       Light Infantry Division- LID (Chay Myan Tat Ma) cu (10) a um i, Bo Hmo Gyoke nih an hruai. Tat Mah pakhat cu Tat Yin (10) in an dirh. Cucu Bo Hmu Gyi cionih a hruaimi TOC -Pyu Har (3) in an then. Hi LID (Tat Ma) tang ummi TOC- Nee Pyu Har hna hi ral a tubik, ral kutin Kawlram a khamh theo tu tiah an i bochan taktak hna. Tulio ralbawinganbik zong hi LID in a kaimi ngot an si. Mawng Aye nih Khin Ngunt awlsam tein a lonhnak a ruangbikcu hi commendar Ralbawi saupi a tlaih caah mizumh a tong i a si, tiah an ti. Khin Ngunt an tlaih i, Interligence Zung hmunpi fawiten a tlaidihtu kha LID hi an si. Than Swe zong LID commender a rak tuan bal. LID ( Tat Ma) pakhat ah Ralkap 500 hrong an um. Infantry Battalion (Chay Hlyin Tat Yin) hi, Du Bo Hmu Kyee ( Lt. Col) pakhat hruainak tangah Tat Yin, Tat Khwe, Tat Su tiah an um ve i, Officer 27, rank dang ngei 723 an um.

Hi a cunglei a dotdot hna hi Rampumpi Tatmadaw an i thithruaing cu a si ko.Ralkap lei lutlai hna hi Vuanci (Cabinet Minister) nakin an nawlngeihnak a sang. Vuanci pawl cu nawlngeihnak an ngei theng lo. Cheukhat ah cun Tine Hmu tu nih Vuanci pawl rian kha an tuanpi hna i, eihmuarnak a fah caah phuah le rian dinhter an si theo.  

Ti le Van ralbawibik hna cu: Du Bo Gyoke Gyi (Lt General) an pek hna i an department ah Commender in Chief dir hmun in an um. SPDC chungtel nganah telhchih an si. Sihmanhsehlaw, Lei, Ti, Van Ralkap Bawibik hna cu, a rak um bal lo mi rian, Bo Gyoke Gyi dirhmun Joint Chief of Staff thar an ser i Swe Man khaikhom zohpinak tangah Than Swe nih a chiah hna. Hihi a ruangbikcu Lei Ralkap lutlai Mawng Aye nih Lei Ralkap vialte awder a pekning, a tawlrel ning naihte in a hlat duhpi peng caah a si, tiah an ruah.  

Office of Strategic Studies – OSS ( Sit Mahar Byu Har Lae Lar Yae Hta-na) cu 1994 kum hrong in an dirh i, defence policy, Ralkap donctrine, Foreign policy vialte tawreltubik an rak si. Khin Ngunt nih Director of Defence Services Intelligence he a kawpchih i a hruai. Mi fim thiam taktak, Tatmadaw sianginn ah pakhatnak a chuakmi longte a thutpi hna i, thil an rak ti kho tak. Ramleng ramchung, dohtu pawl vialte a tongtham biktu an rak si. Nain 2004, Khin Ngunt an tlaih hnuah hi bu cu an hrawh, zungthubawi thong an thlak hna i, Military Affairs Security (MAS) timi cu Ralkap pawl direct uknak tangah an dirh than. MAS cu Du Bo Gyoke Gyi Ye Myint nih tulio a hruai.  

Cun independent deuhin a um mi: biaceihnak lei ( Judge Advocate General), Inspector General, Record Office le Millitary Appointment General pawl zong an um i, cawnnak lei Sianguk (OTS le DSA) pawl zong kha an um. Mawng Aye mizumh Hla Htay Win nih Siang Uk rian a tlaih. Cun police cu Bo Hmu Gyoke Khin Yi nih a hruai hna i, Home Ministry tangah an um.  

Lei Ralkap (Army) zungpi nih department pathum an tlaih. Cucu ( G, A, Q) tiphun zongin an auh. Cuhna cu (1) General Staff office- War Office (G) – cawlcanghnak (Operation) tawlreltu, (2) Adjutant General Office (A) – Sii, Um-Thut-Dir ( medical and resettlement) tawlreltu (3) Quarter Master Office (Q) – Tirawl Dinei, Hnipuan Fenhaih, Thilkuat Thillak le Phaisa tangka (logistice) lei pinah cawnnak ( Enginer) lei zong tawlreltu a si. HI G, A, Q lutlai hna hi nawl an ngei tak tak.

General Staff Office (Operation) tangah department pathum an then than i, cuhna cu 1. Ngiatthlai lei (MAS Cheif), 2. Cheif of Staff (Signal, Pringting, Industries, Researh etc) lutlai, 3. Chief of BSO (Ka Sa Hta Hmu) kan timi Du Bo Cgoke Gyi (6) hna cu an si. Cu BSO lutlai (6) tangah Tine Hmu (13) le Pyu Har Hmu tampi he Kawram pumpi cu an kan uk.  

DOTHNIHNAK

 Tatmadaw Strategy le doctrine umtuning  

Kawlram luatnak hmuh hnuah Tatmadaw doctrine le strategy hi dotthum in ai thleng. Ral umtuning zohin thlen a si. Tuchun ah Japan dohthennak (1935-47) lioah an hmuhtonmi military doctrine le Tuluk Moe Zedong nih a chuahpimi 'People's War Strategy' kha a biapibik in an hman.  

a) Dotkhatnak  

Luatnak hmuh kaa Kawlram Cozah thar cu Karen (KNDO) le Communist (BCP) tupung nih ral an thawhhnawh colh. Thazaang an thawn caah, ram an lak ngot i, foreign media nih, Rampi Cozah cu 'Rangon Cozah' tiah an auh phah. Culio 1949 ah, kan pawngkam Tuluk ramah Communist nih Cozah an ser. Cu Cozah cu Bo Gyoke Gyi Limi hruaimi Koamintang (KMT) ralkap nih Kawlram vawlei ah hmunpi khuar in an doh. Cucu Kawlram himnak le daihnak caah tihnung taktak ah an rak hmuh. Cucaah, ramchung tupung cu biapibik si lo in, ramleng ral a biapi chiahmi 'conventional warfare strategy' (Ta-Ma-Yoe-Kyah-Sit-Byu-Har)cu 1950 hrong in an ser. Hi doctrine serchuaktu Lt. Col. Mawng Mawng hi, communist a hua taktak mi a si lengah ral a tu bal theng lo mi, War Office thu sawh a rak si caah ramleng ral biapi a chiah a si men lai, tiah an zumh. Cun Tuluk communist nih tupung BCP kha an rak bomh caah a huatbia a si men lai. Tat Yin tampi, thilphaw mawtawka pipi, tanks tampi he a ruunpi in a nam in ral nam phun kha a si. Riahcaw, thazang, thilri a heu tak phun a si. Ramchung dohtu pawl tucu, kah pah, lemsawi pah strategy an cawhpawlh i an doh. 1953 ah conventional warfare strategy cu KTM dohnak ah an hneksak hnik i an sunghpi. Media nih a tefiak tiangin an phuan dih caah a si, tiah a sertu pa nih ai pheh. Nain an remhchap luklak i zeimaw ah an hlawh cu a tling ve thiam, 1960 lengtiang cu strategy cu an hman. 

b) Dothnihnak

 1955 hrongcun tupung pawl nih ralfir raltuk phun 'guerilla warfare' strategy lei an i mer diam tikah an strategy hlun cu hmantlak lo ah ai chuah. Cun ramchung tupung hloh dih hmasa locun ramleng ral an hun i rolh peng lai, ti kha an phang. Cucaah July 1964 ah Ralbawi Civui ah Doctrine thar ser dingah Bo Hmu Gyoke San Yu nih biatung a dirh. Brg Gen Tawng Tin nih mipi raltuk (people militis) phun hman dingin a dirhkamh. Ramchung ral doh cu biapi taktak ah an hun chiah. 1963 hrongin Tin-tan kainak sianginn thatha, Strategy lei cawnnak Directorate phunphun an dirh. Switzerland, Germany, Yogoslavakia tbt ram hnaah Ralbawi an i thlah, militray doctrine umtuning phunphun, ral dohning strategy phunphun an hlat, an cawng. Cu hnuah three masses (htu-thone-htu) 'mipi, hmunhma, a caan' lengah thazaang pali 'mipi, thilri, caan, thinlung' (Panama -lay-yat) hna kha, a hrampi chiahin 'an-ti guarilla warfare' timi ralfir dohtu hna dohning le 'People's War Defence strategy' mipi bochan in dohning strategy cu 1965 Ralkap Civui ah an fehter. Ramchung ral, zungzal ral (Thanland tbt), thazaang thawng deuh ral, tiah ral phunthum in an then. Chah phunli – rawl, phaisa, rangrut, thongpang chah dih, Phiat-Lay-Phiat policy (Four Cut strategy) hna an cawng. Tuluk le Japan'a Kenpetan sinin ro ah an rak i phorhmi mi, 'three all' timi policy - thah dih, khangh dih, hrawh dih ( kill all, burn all, destroy all) tuahning hna an i chim . Hmun raang le hmun nak ( White area and Black area) hna an hun then. 1968 hrongcun tlamtling cawnnak 'Command Traning Centres' hna an dirh i, commando tactics, lambawh ralnam (ambuse tactics) te hna, ramlak raltuk tactics te hna, cawnnak phunphun an hun karh. BSPP chan 1971 ahcun, People's War Strategy hmangin in tupung hrawhdih, an ci-hmihdih dingcu Rampi tuanvo (national duty) pakhat ah biachahnak an hun tuah i, an kam an i seh. Nain hi chan Tatmadaw doctrine ah ramleng ral dohning phunkhat (Byu Har Kya Kya Ngein San chin) strategic denial le ral namlet dohning ( Tan-Pyan-Taih-khaih) counter offensive strategy an rak ngei lo. 

c) Dotthumnak

 1988 hnuah Cozah dohtu ral an hun tam chinchin i, democracy le human rights a hung lar chin tikah ramleng tihnak an chungah a ngan ngai. Ramdang behchan in raltho an hung tam chin lengah nuhrin covo, biaknak Covo, buarnak kongah ramleng dohdalnak a hun fak ngai. Ralkap thahrum hmangin an kan luhhnawh lai titiang an phang. Cucaah Tatmadaw Strategy le doctrince cu zohthan i, Tatmadaw cu, chan he ai tlak in a thawng kawh chung a thawngmi, Than Swe nih min a phuah ' People's War under modern condition' tangah 'modern, strong, highly capable fighting forces' ah kan ser lai tiah, bia an chah. Hmanthing strategy cu, an tharchuah i 'strategic denial under total people's defence strategy' tiah an hun thlen. Counter offensive strategy cu an betchap. Ram mipi dirhkamhnak hrambunh mi' People's War and Doctrine ' phun (12) an thlak i, mipi kha ralkap training pek colh a si. Ralkap kilkamhtu, dirpitu dingah mipi an funkhomh i, USDA (Kyan-phuat), MWAF (Nubu), MMCWA (Nu le hngakchia bu) tbt miruunphu phunphun an dirh. Cu bu pawl cu hmaiah an dirter hna i mawhciat sawiselnak poahpoah cu an kham. Mipi he kan tangti, kan i pumkhat peng ti an langhter. Suan-Aa-Sin le mitat tbt bu phunphun an dirh i, sandahpiahnak a chuah cun rulhrang zuan in an zuan hnawh hna i an phomh colh hna. Mipi le mipi ral dohter, i thuatter a si. Cun hriamtlai zongkha kah pah, lempah strategy phunphun in, an lemsawi hna i, bu (17) tiang an lak hna. Tuchun tiang a biapibik ah People's War Strategy cu ramleng, ramchung ramleng raldohnak strategy ah an hman. 

Tatmadaw doctrine hrampi ah, Kawlram cu miphun 135 in dirhmi a si caah, Ralkap nih kan uk lo ahcun, an i thenthek dih lai i, Rampi a kekdarh lai, cuaah Rampi a fehtertu, a pumkhattu, a humhimtu dingah a thawngmi Tatmadaw a um a herh, tiah zumhnak hrampi an bunh i, cucu an thisen chungah an i ronh, an thluak an lung chungah an i khumh. Tatmadaw longlong hi rampi dirkamh khotu, Uknak hrampi hmunhter khotu a si, tiah zumhnak thukpi an ngei. Cun doctrine sernak ah an thinlung put cu Tatmadaw cu mipi zaraan nakin kan cungcuang deuh, kan sang deuh, (superior to civillians) timi thinlung le miphun le ram dawbik (most patriotic force) le titsa ngeibik (most loyal body) kan si, timi thinglung an chungril ah lianpi in a um. Cu lungput zumhnak hrampi hna cu tuchun an fehfuannak domhtllaihtu thazaang si dawh in a lang.  

DOTTHUMNAK

 1. Tatmadaw le Tlangcung Miphun

Tlangcung miphun politics hi mifim thiam tampi nih a ruh lang dengin an hlat, an tial. Tlangcung miphun zongnih kan tial. Tatmadaw zongnih hmuhning an ngei ve. Tuchun ah Tatmadaw nih Rampi Sertu (nation building institution) biapi taktak in ai hmuh. Tlangcung Miphun a hmuhning in Rampi dirhnak (structure) tlang an vuak, Uknak Phunghrampi an tial, hmailei kalnak policy an thlak, thimnak zong tuah an i tim. Cu hlei zeihmanh an thei kho lo. Samfa tia zong an thum kho lo.

Tlangcung Miphun nih kan i hmuhning cungah kan ruahnak hrampi kan bunh, biatung kan dirh, policy kan thlak i, co awktlak hrimhrim ah kan i ruahmi Miphun Covo caah tuchun dohthlennak kan tuah. Kan nunnak kan thap i, kan thisen a luang mi a tlawm ti lo. Kan dirpi mi cu zeitihmanh in kan hlaw kho lo hleiah pee khat zong hnu kan i thawn kho ve lo.

Cu ruahning pahnih cu kum sawmruk ramchung ral chuahnak a ruangruh tak a si in a lang. Cucaah Kawlram buainak hrampi cu Phunghrampi buainak (constitutional crisis) a si an ti. Nation building crisis ti zong a ngah hnga. Cucaah Kawlrampi kan sersiam than lai kan ti ahcun Rampi muisam hmanthlak kan suai khawh cikcek a hau hnga i, cu fiannak dingah Tlangcung Miphun Kawlram hun luhning, Kawl miphun he i pehtlaihning, dohthlennak chuahning lengah Kawl miphun kong tiang zohfian a herh.

 2. Tlangcung Miphun le Dohthlennak 

1.Arakan Miphun: Arakan (Rakhaing) miphun cu India Bengal, Arab, Kawl (Pyu) le Chin (Asho) miphun cawhmi si dawh in an chim. BC 3325 ah Maryu Siangpahrang nih voikhatnak Arakan Kingdom a dirh. Chanthumnak Siangpahrang Naga Tone Munn chan longah Bamar miphun nihPagan Dynasty (1044 AD) cu an dirh. Kawl hlanpi ah tuanbia an thok cang. Lord Buddha le a hnuzul (500) hleinih 554 AD ah missionery rian an va tuan. Arakan Siangpahrang Chanra Surya (AD 580) zong Buddism biaknak ah ai thleng i, an zapi Buddism ah an lut dih. Nitlak leiin tulio Bengal Chittagong ram tiangkhi an uk. Nain Arakan Kingdom cu chanlinak Siangpahrang Munn Saw Mwan chanah Bamar SiangpahrangBodawpaya nih 1784 ah a lak i, Kawl salah an tang. Yandabo hnatlaknak tangah Kawl nih Mirang kutah an chanh. Kawl miphun he Burma proper ah an um i, Burma Act 1935 Phunghram huapmi an si. Cu ruangah Panglong hnatlaknak zong min an thu lo. Cozah lutlai Aung San nih ai a awh hna. Kawl santannak in luat dingah an i zuam lengmang i, tuchun Tatmadaw chan tiang tupung (ALP, ALD, ANC tbt) phunphun an tho i, lamkip hmangin dohthlennak an tuah. 

2.Mon Miphun: Tuluk ram in BC 3000 hrongah an hun pawk. Voikhatnak Mon Kingdom Suwarnabhumi cu Thai ramah BC 300 ah an dirh. Mon hi India sem Taliangs he an i cawh i, Talaing Mons hi tuchun Kawl nunphung, cabia, biaknak hun phortu ah an ruah. Buddist biaknak ah BC 200 lioah India Asoka thlahmi phungki thongin an lut. Dvaravati Mon Siangpahrang chan AD 600 ah Tenasserim Yoma tiang khi ram an hun kauh. Khmer Empire nih an hun chim ruangah Kawlram chunglei pi tiang an hunglut deuh i, Thadon Mon Kingdom cu AD 900 hrongin Kawlram ah an dirh. Hicaan ah Kawl pawl hi Tuluk ramin an hunglut. Pyu Miphun umnak Kawlram hmunlai hrong cu an chuh. Pyu hi BC 100 hrongin um dawh an si cang. Voikhatnak Pagan Dynasty cu Anawrahta nih AD 1044 ah a dirh i, Thadon Mon Kingdom cu AD 1057 ah a lak. Pagan Empire cu AD 1287 ah Mongals nih an lak i, aa thekdarh dih. Cu hnuah Wareru nih Mon pawl cu a pumhkomh than hna i, Ramanadesatiah Hanthawaddy Pegu Mon Kingdom cu AD 1287 ah a dirh than. Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom le Bamar Kingdom of Ava cu kum (40) chung ral an i tu. AD 1530 tiang Mon cu an thawng tuk hringhran. Nain an hun zor thluahmah than i, Mon Kingdom cu Kawl siangpahrangTabinshwe le Ralbawi Bayinnawng nih AD 1539 ah an lak. French bomhnak in an doh than i, hmun tampi an lak than. Nain Alawngpaya (UAung Ze Ya) Siangpahrang nih 1757 AD ah Mon Kingdom Hanthawaddy Pegu a lak than hnucun Mon Miphun cu Kawl tangah tuchun tiang an tho kho ti lo. Cucaah cu ni thokin Kawl miphun cu an doh lengmang. Tuchan Tatmadaw chan tiangah (NMSP, MUL tbt) tupung an tho i, dohthlennak an tuah. Mon cu Kawl he an i cawh, an i tthi, an i va tuk caah miphun tlawm te ah an i chuah cang. Tulio Compodia ram khi chanthar Mon ram ( modern Mon nation) tikhawh a si lai, ti a ti. 

3.Shan Miphun: Shan Miphun hi Tuluk ram Yunnan chaklei in Nam Mao nel zawhin kum zabu 6 AD ah Shan ram hungluh dawh in an ruah. Voikhatnak Shan Kingdom Mong Mao an dirh nain Pagan Dynastry uktu Kawl Anawrahta siangpahrang tangah an tla. Pagan Dynastry a kehkuai hnuah, Shan Miphun cu an thawng tuk ciammam i Kawl Kingdom Ava (AD 13), Mon Kingdom Pegu (12 AD) le Central Thai (12AD) tiang an lak dih. Kawl Siangpahrang Bayinnawng nih Shan cu a hun lak than. Nain nawlngeihnak nganpi pek an si i, Thai (AD 17), Loas (AD 13) , Assam (AD 12) cheukhat tiang an uk. AD 16 tiang deng Veitnam, Kachin, Sagaing le Chin ram tlawmpal tiang zong kha an lak. Cuticun Kawl nih an tei chel, Shan nih an tei chel, an i do lengmang. 1890 ah Mirang nih Shan cu a lak. Mirang tangah Shan rambukbawi Saophas hna cu India ramukbawi Raja bantuk in uknak nganpi an tlaihter hna. October 1922 ah Federated Shan States Phunghram an tuah piak hna i, Kawl he cawh lo in a dangte in an uk. 1947 ah Panglong hnatlaknak kha min an thut i, Kawlram Ramkomh ah an lut. 1948 luatnak hmuhhnu Kawl nih Panglong biatiam an let caah Kawl miphun le Tatmadaw cu duh loin (SSA, RCSS, SNLD, SDU tbt) tupung an tho i, tuchun tiang doh an ngol lo. Tulio Laos le Thailand ram hi chanthar Shan ram ( modern Shan nation) ti khawh a si lai, an ti. Tai, Thai, Siam, Shan hi aa khat mi an si. 

4.Karen Miphun: Karen Miphun cu BC 739 hrongah a hmasabik a rak lutmi ah an i tuak. Tibet area pawng hrongin an hun pawk. Htee-set Met Ywa an um hnu Gobi ramcar an tan i, Gho Lo (Salween) vanel an hron hnu, Don Yang Kweh Ka Baw ah Karen khuapi an dirh. Cuka ah Karen Siangpahrang nih chan suapi a uk. India Talaings Siangpahrang nih Karen cu a doh i, a tei. Talaing tangah ramukbawi an tuan i, Talaing thih hnuah Karen nih Siangpahrang kum (51) an i uk than. Talaing nih AD 1049 ah a hun tei than. Nain Taliang Siangpahrang cu Anawrahta nih AD 1059 ah a lak. Cu hnuin Kawl nih Karen cu an uk hna i, an tangah ramukbawi (Chief) an tuan ter hna. AD 1287 ah Karen cheukhat cu an tho than i, Siangpahrang zong (19) kum an tuan. Nain AD 1757 ah Kawl Siangpahrang Alawng Mintayagyi nih a lak dih than. Kawl tangah Karen cu zabu 18 ah Mirang nih a lak. Mirang nih Kawlram a lak mi cu saltalnak khurpi chungin chuah bantuk ah an i ruah. Kawl Siangpahrang tangah hremnak a fah caah a si lai, an ti. Pwo le Sgaw Karens tiah tribe pahnih an um i, tuchun ah Karen ramkulh, Tenasserim (Mergui, Tavoy), Irrawady le Pegu lengah Shan ramkulh tiang an i thekdarh. Mirang cungah titsa an ngeih tuk ruangah, ralpi (II) lioah Japan nih Mirang an hun tei than tikah Japan bomhmi Kawl BIA ralkap nih Karen minung tampi cu an rak thah. Mirang chanah 1935 Burma Act Phunghram chungin an chuak kho lo. KNU nih an doh nain Karen Mino nih April 1947 thimnak an i cuh thiam. Aung San cozah tangah Wankyi hna an tuan caah Panglong minthutnak ah Aung San nih ai a awh hna. Luatnak dang ten lak an duhmi a tlolh caah Kawl Cozah cu an doh colh. Luatnak hmuhkaa ralbawinganbik (Cheif of Staff) cu Karen mi Gen. Smit Dun nih a tlaih. Nain Kawl Cozah nih an chuh i, Kawlmi Ne Win an pek diam. Kawlmi tuahtoning le ukning cungah an lungtlinlonak a fah caah (KNDO, KCO, KNU, KNLA tbt) luatnak hmuhkaa in tupung phunphun an tho. Tuchun tiang nunnak tampi thapin Kawl le Tatmadaw cu kum saubik an doh. 

5.Karenni (Kayah) Miphun: Karenni miphun cu Karen he thlahkhat an si. Rawngsen (a ni) an i hruk caah Karenni tiah Kawl nih an phuah.Kayah ti mincu an pawm lo. Asia hmunlai Mongolia in BC 2015 ah an hun pawk i,, Kawlram Demawwso ah BC 739 ah luhdawh in an chim. Miphun fatete in an i cawh. Mirang tang zong Kawl tang zong an um bal lo. Karenni rambukbawi Sawphyas nih a uk peng hna. 21 June 1875 ah Mirang ai-awh Sir Dounglas Forsyth le Kawl Siangpahrang Mindon Min ai-awh King Wounmingui nih Karenni cu Kawl tang zong, Mirang tang zongah kan chia lai lo, tiah biakamnak min an thut caah a si. France le Britist nih biatiamngak an ngeih i, Thailand cu uk lo in karlak ramah kan chiah lai, ti bantuk kha a si. Cu caah miphun dang hna Mirang nih kum saupi an kan uk chung vialte a hohmanh nih uk lo mi a luatmi miphun an si. Cucaah Panglong Civui zong, Shan ramukbawi nih an sawm ko hna nain, tel herh lo ah an ruah i, an zawh duh lo. 1948 luatnak hmuhhnu ah Karenni miphun hna ceihpi ta lo in, Ramkomhbu chungah hramhram in an telh hna caah an lung a tling lo. 9 August 1948 ah U Nu Kawl Cozah thar nih Karenni cu hramhram in a lak caah tuchun tiang Kawl Tatmadaw tangah an hung um. Cu a luatmi Miphun an sinak cu lak than timh in tupung (KNPP: 1957) hna an tho i, tuchun tiang Kawl Tatmadaw cu an doh. 

6.Kachin Miphun: Tuluk Tibet nichuah, tulio Gansu , Shanxi, Hebei hmunin hun pawk dawh in an i ruat. Yunnun ram in min phunphun bunh in an rat hnu, kum zabu 15 ah a tu hmun hi phanh dawh in an i chim. Jinghpaw (Kachin) or Jingpo (Tuluk) or Singphos (India) tiah an i au i, miphun tribes (6) in an cawh. Kachin timi min cu AD 1880 hrongin an hun char thok nain cu min pakhat tangah tribe vialte an um kho dih. Tuchun ah Shan ram, India le Tuluk ah an i thekdarh. Mirang kai hlanah an mah ramukbawi Duwa nih a uk hna. Mirang nih Kawlram a hun lak tik zongah, miphun dang he cawh lo in, Kachin Hill Regulation Act 1895 Phunghram an serpiak hna i, a dang tein an uk hna.. Miphun pakhat ah pawm an si caah Panglong hnatlaknak min an thut i, ramkomhbu chungah an lut. U Nu Cozah nih Buddism biaknak cu Rampumpi biaknak (State religion) ah a ser mi cu Khrihfa an si caah an duh hrimhrim lo. 5 February 1961 ah Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) cu an dirh i, tuchun tiang tupung an tho i, Tatmadaw cu an doh. KIO nih remdaihnak a tuah hnu zongah (KNO, KPP, AKSYU tbt) min in tuchun tiang Tatmadawdoh an ngol duh lo. 

7.Chin Miphun: Tuluk ram Chinlung in BC 225 ah kan hung pawk. Tibet ram nichuah leiin AD 400 hrongah Hukong tlangkar nelrawn in Kachin ramin tanglei kan hung lan tluahmah i, AD 750 hrongah Kawlram hungluh dawh in a lang. Zabu 8 hrongah Chindwen nelrawn kan phan. CulioahChindwen valley ah zei miphun hmanh an um rih lo. Nichuah chakah Mon le Pyu an rak um. Kawl miphun cu zabu (9) longah an hunglut. AD 750 ah Chin timi min lungca ah an tialmi cu 1500 AD ah an hmuh. Asho Chin cu an tang i, zabu 13 hrongah Kalay-Kabaw nelrawn lei kan hungcho. Kum zakhat hrong kan um hnuah Tuchun Chin-pun, Chin me pawl an tang i, AD 1400 hrongah tulio Chinram a si mi Cimnuai (Zomi etc), Lailun (Laimi etc), Locom (Mizo) tiah hmunkip ah kan kai. Hmunkip kan darh caah Siangpahrang Kingdom kan ngei kho lo. Kan umnak cioah ramukbawi (Cheif) nih uk cio a si. Miphun dang hohmanh nih a kan uk bal lo. Mirang nih 1895 ah Chinram cu an lak dih i, Chin Hill Regulation Act 1896 Phunghram tangah miphun dang he cawh lo tein, hmunkhat teah ah a kan uk. Ramukbawi cu nawlngeihnak zeimazat an pek thiam. 1935 Burma Act Phunghram cu Mirang Parliament nih 1937 ah a hun fehter tikah, India le Burma cu an then phut i, Chinram cu ram hnih kan i cheu. India in Bangladesh ai then caah tuchun ramthum ah kan i cheu. Kawlram um Chin miphun nih Panglong hnatlaknak min kan thut i, Burma ramkomhbu ah kan lut. India Mizo hnanih 6 April 1946 ah Mizo Union an dirh i, India ramkomh ah an lut ve. Panglong biatiam Kawl nih an let cu kan duh lo lengah Tatmadaw nih Mipi uknak an hun chuh caah (CNO, CDP, CNF, CNC tbt) tuphung phunphun kan tho i tuchun tiang nunnak thap in dohthlennak kan tuah.  Minphun caah nunnak pe lo Tlangcung Miphun an um lo! !

DOTLINAK

 3. Kawl Miphun le Tatmadaw

1.      Bamar Miphun le Kawlram

Bamar cu 'Takawng in ai thok' timi le 'Kyohse in ai thok' timi ruahnak pahnih ah mifimthiam biafunnak an ngei kho rih lo. Bamar miphun cu Tuluk Tibet in an hun pawk i, Ayeyarwaddy nel hun zawh in a tu Kawlram vawlei cu kum zabu (9) hrongah an hunglut tiah an chim. Hi ning a si cun, Kawl miphun luh lioah, Tlangcung miphun: Mon (zabu 6),Chin (zabu 8), Shan (zabu 6), Karen (zabu 7) cu Kawlram vawlei an phan dih cang in a lang. Pyu cu BC 100 ah um dawh an si cang. Bamar cu, BC 850 ah Ayewarwaddy chakah an um cang, a ti zong an um. Nain western historians nih a tuanhtuk caah an pawm kho lo. Kawl Miphun timi hi Pyu, Thet, Kanyan miphun fonhmi an si an ti theo. Kawl nunphung, biaknak le ca hi, Mon le Arakan le Pyu sinin char mi longte a si an ti. Pyu cu an phun ningin an tlau thai. Tuanbia longin chim an si i, Museum longah zoh ding an um cang. Thet zong hmuh an har cang. India Mizoram i Chakma khi an si lai tiah an zumh. Miphun le miphun i dolh a fawnning a lang. Miphun lian nih miphun fa tlau lakin dolh lebang a fawi chin rua. 'Lei dolh ruangah miphun a tlau lo, minung nih dolh ruangah miphun a tlau' timi phungthluk a hmanzia hinih a fianhtuk. 

2. Bamar Empire Dirhning  

1) Voikhatnak Bamar Empire: Bamar Miphun cu Kawlram ah an hung thangcho colh. Siangpahrang Anawrahtha nih Pagan Dynasty timi a voikhatnak Burman Kingdom (or) Bamar Empire cu AD. 1044 ah a hun dirh. Hihi Kawl Siangpahrang tuanbia aa thoknak a si lengah Kawl miphun tuanbia zong hi ka hin an thok theo. AD 1057 ah Mon Siangpahrang ukmi Thadom Kingdom zong an lak. Nain Pagan Dynasty pi cu Mongal nih AD 1289 ah an lak than i, voikhatnak Burman Empire cu a dong.

2) Voihnihnak Bamar Empire: Kawl Siangpahrang Tabinshwehti nih Toungoo Dynasty timi a voihnihnak Burman Kingdom cu AD. 1539 ah a dirh than. Mon Siangpahrang ukmi Pegu le Prome zongkha a lak dih. A naupa Bo Gyoke Gyi Bayinnawng Siangpahrang chan le bang ahcun huham an ngei an thawng taktak. Thai (Chiangmai), Laos ram, Manipur le Shan ram tiang an lak dih. Kawlram tuanbia ah a liannganbik Burman Empire dirhtu minthang paraltha (hero) a si, an ti. Bayinnawng Siangpahrang thih hnupi, Thalun Siangpahrang chan a phanh tikah Burman Kingdom cu, Mon Siangpahrang nih an lak khawh than. Cucaah a voihnihnak Burman Empire cu AD. 1752 ah a dong.

3) Voithumnak Bamar Empire: Kawl Siangpahrang Alawngpaya nih Konbaung Dynasty timi voithumnak Burman Kingdom cu AD. 1752 ah a dirh than. Siangpahrang Hsinbyusin nih a peh i, Bodawpaya chan ah Arakan (AD. 1784), Manipur (AD. 1813), Assam (AD.1817) tiang an lak dih. 

NainBagyidaw Siangpahrang chanah Mirang nih Kawlram an hun tuk. 1824 kumah a voikhatnak an hun tuk i, Tenasserim hrong an lak dih. SiangpahrangMindon Min chanah voihnihnak 1952 kumah an hun tuk than i, Rangon telhin Lower Burma vialte an lak dih. Siangpahrang Thibaw chanah voithumnak 1885 ah a hun tuk than i, culio Kawl khualipi Mondalay lengah Upper Burma cu an lak dih. Nain Shan cu 1890, Chin 1896 longah an lak. Bamar Siangpahrang Thibaw cu an tlaih i, India ah an kuat. India ah fa pahnih zong a ngei chap. 1916 kum ah a thi. A nupi Supayalat cu Kawlram a kir than i, 1926 ah a thi ve. Cuticun a voithumnak Burman Empire cu Mirang nih an lak i a dong.  

4. Tatmadaw le Bamar Empire:

Ca ah an tial lo. Bia ah an langhter lo. Nain an tuahsernak ah a lang. Bamar Empire dirhthan cu an thinlung ah a thuk. Cu dirhkhotu cu Kawl miphun tungmertu (nationalists) takah an i ruah. Cu lungput cu tulio Tatmadaw khuaruahnak ah a hram a thlakmi a thuk khun in a lang. A tanglei tete in a lang:

1. Mirang he luatnak ceihkhan ding London kal lioah Aung San dohtu Bamar politicians hmanh an telh tung hna lioah, Tlangcung miphun pakhat hmanh an telh duh lo. Aung San Cabinet i Karen Wan Kyi zong an telh hna lo lengah Tlangcung Frontier Areas hruaitu zong an sawm hna lo. Luatnak hmu ding a hun si in, tinhmi an ngei a lang thok cang.

2.   Ramkomh fonh le fonhlo Tlangcung miphun ruahnak lak hmasat ding Aung San le Attlee biachah cu U Saw le Ba Sein nih an doh colh. Minthut lo in an kir. Biathup i sum kho lo in miphun dang hmaiah mual an phopi colh ko. Aung San nih Bamar miphun a zuar tiah an hun puh colh. Bamar Empire chungmang cu a si rua. Cucaah Tlangcung miphun tuanbia dik pawmpitu an miphun hoi Aung San cu donkhantu ah ai cang. Rianrang in fimhlawm colh hau in a um ko rua. Sau lunun an senh lo. A kutzung Luatnak meiceu a hmuhta zong an nganter lo. A nunnak an lak colh, a thlarau zong an doh i, a chunmang cu thlankhur chungah an phum colh ko. A pa chunmang pehzulhtu a fanu tiang chuak kho lo in an hren rih.

3.Aung San um ti locun donkhantu an um ti lo. U Nu nih rian a hun i thok colh ko. Aung San tuah cia Phunghram cu Bamar Empire type in a remhdih colh. Miphun pakhat hruaiphung (unitary system) in a ser colh. Pyima dirhmun ah Bamar miphun cu a chiah colh i, Tlangcung miphun cu Bamar Pyima uknak tangah a kan nawk dih ko ai. Karen miphun Chief of Staff ralbawi nganbik Gen. Smit Dun cu a rian an chuh colh. Bamar miphun Ne Win an pek colh ko. Deedoh U Bacho nih Buddism biaknak nunter locun luatnak tham hi cu um zia nei lo a si a ti. Buddism biaknak cu ram mipi biak dingah 1961ah Parliament ah an hun fehter phut hoi ko. Tatanazi Wankyi Htana an dirhchap rih i, tlangpar ah Pura an kan sak hnawh, Tlangcung miphun biaknak cu hlohdih an timh ko ai. Cucu celh lo in Tlangcung Miphun nih 1961 ah an hun doh cang. Kachin cu meithal he tupung an tho colh ko.

4. Voilinak Bamar Empire: Celh lo in a hung thomi Tlangcung Miphun cu meithal in hmuahchih a si. Bamar Empire dirhduh i, Aung San dohpengtuBa Sein – Tuk Oke hnuzultu Ne Win nih a pu le chunmang cu a hun tlamtlinh kho ai. Uknak vialte ralkap thazang in 1962 ah a lak dih colh. Mirang ruangah a dong cangmi Burman Empire cu kum saupi hnuah voilinak a hun dirh khawh than. Kum (26) chung Siangpahrang uk tein a kan uk i, nawlngeihnak dihdongh (absolute power) a ngei. Bamar holh (Myanmar Sar) cu tangcheu in Sianghleiruun tiang duh zong duh lo zongah compulsary in a kan cawnter colh lengah Tlangcung Miphun holh cawn a khap dih. Bibal ca tiang chuahnak nawl a phih dih. Kan miphun nunnak thahripi cu chah khawh chungin a chah dih i, Bamar Empire cu fehter ai zuam. Mipi a hremmi a fah tuk caah an hun puah hnawh ciammam i, voilinak Bamar Empire cu 1988 ah a dong.

5.      Voinganak Bamar Empire: Tulio Than Swe cu a voinganak Bamar Empire dirhtu Siapahrang nun in a nung than. Empire kilvennak caah fakpi in Ralkap thazaang a thawnter. Bamar Empire dirhtu ah mi liannganbik Boyokegyi Bayinnawng Siangpahrang tluk aa tim rua.

1) Hlan Bamar Siangpahrang phung i cawn in khuapithar a ser colh. A min ah Nay Pyi Daw (Siangpahrang khuapi) tiah a sak i, Bamar Empires rakdirhkhotu Bamar Siangpahrang minthang pathum hmantlak nganpi cu khuapi larcer ah a tar. A inn chungkhar ah Siangpahrang holhkaa in an hmang i, Siapahrang biakin an biak, ti a si.

2) Hlan Bamar Siangpahrang nih pawngkam Miphun dang an tuk colh bantuk in Tlangcung Miphun hlohnak caah Ralkap tomtom in tlangpar ah a kuat, Cozah riantuan a kuat, Phungki a kuat, Chawkawl a kuat, thisa le thisa cawh, nunphung le nunphung cawh in Bamar miphun ah dolhdih ding timhtuahnak tha ten a ngei. Cu hmelchunhnak ah Ram min cu Myanmar tiah a thlen colh.

3) Bamar Empire hramfehnak caah Phunghram cu ralring tein kum (14) chung a tial. Bamar miphun nih rampumpi uknak an tlaih dih lai lengah cucu rawk ti lo dingin Bamar Ralkap nih biapibik in an dirkamh lai. Tlangcung Miphun uktu zong an mah nih an thim rih lai. Tlangcung Miphun cu Bamar miphun tangah zungzal tho kho lo dingin tuah an timh ko cang.  

5. Nation Building: Tatmadaw Vs Tlangcung Miphun  

1.      Tatmadaw Mitin Cuanhning: Huham a ngei i a lianngan mi Bamar Empire cu Mirang nih a kan hrawhpiak. Kawlram chung Miphun vialte a kan thekdarh dih. Mirang nih thencheu dih ( divide and rule) in a kan uk. Miphun dangdang ah a kan chuah dih. Cucaah tuchun Bamar Miphun tangah an i kop duh ti lo i, buainak nganpi a tlung. Miphun dawtu (nationalists) poh hi Burmar empire dirhnak rianah tuanvo kan ngei dih. Hi tlaihkhih (control) khawh nakhnga a thawngmi Tatmadaw Ralkap a um a herh. Tatmadaw tangah thikhat (one blood), awkhat (one voice), nawl khat (one command) in um dih a herh, ti cu Tatmadaw ruahning a si. Cucaah Bamar Empire kehkuailo (Non-disintegration of the Union), Bamar miphunsinak tangah pumkhatnak rawh lo (Non-disintegration of National Solidarity), Tatmadaw uknak hrampi hmunhter peng (Perpetuation of sovereignty)' timi cu ram mipi tuanvo ah a ser. Phunghrampi tialnak ah a hrampi (basic principles) ah an chiah. Mipi thahri thluak le lungah lut dih lakin Tadinca cahmaibik ah a tar. Cauk ah a cuanter dih. Miphun pakhat, holh pakhat, biaknak pakhat uknak caah tiah Phunghram (unitary constitution) cu hramhram in a kan pawmter. Hi hlei lam dang pial a duh lo. Zeitihmanh in a thum kho lo. Cucu meithal thazaang in a dirpi ko cang.   

2.      Tlangcung Miphun Mit in Cuanhning: Mirang luh lioah Bamar Empire cu a tumchuk tuk cang. Bamar miphun cu miphun dang dirhmun in Kawlram vawlei an rak lut lengah Mirang nih a dangin a lak hna. Phunghram dang 1935 Burma Act a tuah piak hna i a dangin a uk hna. Miphun dang an si. Tlangcung Miphun cu mirang nih a dangin a kan lak lengah a dang Phunghram Shan (1922 Shan Federated Act), Chin (1896 Chin Hill Regulation Act), Kachin (1995 Kachin Hill Regulation Act) tiah Phunghram dangdangin a kan uk. Cucaah luatnak hmuh zongah duh le ram pakhat a dangin kan dirhkho, duh le UN tangah kan um kho, duh le Mirang tangah kan um kho, duh le Tlangcung miphun pawl i fonhin ram pakhat kan dirhkho, duhthimnak nawl kan ngei, ti a si. Cucaah Bamar Miphun he ramkomh pakhat kan dirhti i, kan duh lo cun, kum (10) hnuah kan chuak than lai, ti kha a si. Tuchun ah Kawlram vawlei 60% cu Tlangcung Miphun kan mah umnak a si. Milurel 40% cu Tlangcung Miphun kan si. Cucaah 'minority' kan si lo. Mah lungtho in min kan thutmi 1947 Panglong hnatlaknak cu Kawlram dirhnak (nation building) caah kan hrampi (basic foundation) a si, ti a si. Miphun tling, holh phuntling, biaknak phuntling ai cawhmi ram kan si caah thikhat (one blood) tangah 'Unity' cu a si kho lo, 'Bamar miphun' pakhat tangah ifonh dih cu a si kho lo. Panglong biatiam Federal Union dirh hi kan hrampi tlaihtleng a si, ticu Tlangcung miphun ruahning a si. Hi hlei lam dang an pial kho lo. Zeitihmanh in an thum kho ve lo. Cucu nunnak thap in an dirpi ko cang.

Tlangcung Miphun nih Panglong bantuk 'Conference' ti lio ah, Tatmadaw nih 'National Convention' a kawh, 'Federal Constition' ti lioah, 'Unitary Constition' in a tial, 'Dialogue ti lio ah, 'Confrontation in a kal, 'National reconciliation' tilio ah, 'National reconsolidation' a ti, ruahning ai fun kho ti lo.  

Cucaah Tlangcung Miphun nih biatung kan dirh mi maw kan hlawt lai i, Tatmadaw ruahning kan pawm lai, a si lo ah, tulio kan dirhmun dah kan i tlaih peng lai i, nunnak kan thap lai, miphun tampi nih hlaw theo hmanhseh law dirpi peng phu cu a si, kei cu ka ruah ko.