NU HNA TUANBIA A THLENGTU QUATA SEAT

Kawlram ah a dikmi democracy le federal uknak phunghram a um khawh nak caah ramleng phan remkhel bu hna rian`uan hmalak cuahmah a si. Hi ti i zuamnak ah mah bu pakhat hmuhning le duhnak lawng si loin, ramchung ummi ramkhel bu hna le bu dangdang hna i cohlan khawhmi zulh awk phunglam chung a ummi ramuknak phunglam pakhat sernak caah i zuam cu a si. Cu ti rian ttuanttinak nih a chuahpi mi ( Federal Constitution Drafting and Coordination Committee (FCDCC) rian`uannak hi a si.

Hi FCDCC ahhin nu hna ramkhelnak rian ah i tel khawh nak caah le nu hna ram khongkau i telnak dirhmun `han choternak caah Kawl ram nubu (Women League of Burma) nih nu hna hi a tlawmbik (30%) i tel dingin an hal. Hi nu caah Quata seat chiahnak kong he pehtlai in biahalnak tampi a chuah caah vun zoh`i tuah hna usih.

1. Democracy uknak phunglam nih nu le pa thleidannak um loin, i tluk – rualnak tiah a timi ah nu hna nih pa he i tluk rualnak tiah covo tam deuh in lak bantuk ah asi kho maw?

2. Quality a ngei ve mi si ko ahcun, zeiruang ah dah Quota Seat hi hal a herh? Mah thilti khawh nak tein si caannak kai khawh asi ko lo maw? 3.30% hi nu caah Quota in chia u sihlaw, thilti kho mi nu an um ttung lo ahcun zeitin dah tuah asi lai? ti bantuk biahalnak hi tampi a rak kai ve.

Hi biahalnak a phi hna hi kan kawlnak zawnah hi kong he pehtlai in a cawngsang Sweden University ah ramkhel lei cawng sang asi pa i ttialmi ca hi zoh tuah hna usih.

NU HNA CAAH I THIMNAK AH QUOTA SYSTEM

Ramkhelnak ah Quota System timi cu mi bu pakhat khat palai i thlahnak caah percentage (%) in siloah cu zat cu tiah a zat tuk piak in i tel hna seh tinak khi a si ko. Atu i chimrel ding cu nu hna caah Quota System a si. Tam deuh cu Quota system kan ti tikah a tlawmbik percentage (%) i telnak tuk a si i, bianabia ah 20%, 30%, 40% ti bantuk in an tuk tawn. Quota System tuanbia ning cun aiawh in telnak hmunhma zawn ah hrelh tami siloah, tlawmte lawng ai-awh kho mi bu hna kha tam deuh in i tel khawh nak caah hmanmi phunglam a si.

Nu le pa sinak ai-awhnak cungah tuahmi Quota system cu nu hna i an herhbau ning kha zoh chih in a tlawm bik aiawh khawh nak lam kha a sersiampiak. Cu ti asiloah nu le pa caah a tambik le a tlawmbik ai-awhnak kha a chiahpiak. Bianabia ah, nu le pa hi percentage in 60% nak tam lo an si lai i, 40% nak tlawm lo asi lai tiah chiahnak. Ladder Gender Neutral Regulation ning cun Quota chiah ning hi nu le pa pahnih caah a tam bik ai-awh nak kha a si caah nu hna Quota an hmu lo. Cu system ning cun nu le telnak kha 50-50 in chiah asi tikah nu hna a tlawmbik cu zat an i tel lai timi Quota system chiah a um ti lo.

QUOTA SYSTEM CHIAHNAK AH RUAHNAK HNA

Quoata sytem hi ram cheukhat ah cun fakpi in i elnak a um i, a cheu ram ahcun Quota system tiah rak chuahpi hi i ceihhmai hnuah fawite in cohlan zong asi. Quota system kongah i ceihalnak zong hi a buaihmai liopi asi ve. Hnu hna he pehtlai in aa nawkmi ruahnak hna le , nu hna cungah dirhmun chiah piaknak hna kong kha tthate in zoh lawng ah lungfian khawh tawn a si. Cu ruangah mi cheu nih Quota sytem hi thleidannak ser in hmuh asi i, dikrualnak hrampi he aa aa rual lo tiah hmuh a si. Cun bantuk tthiam in mi cheukhat nih, a dikmi zuamnak caah dawnkhantu a si tiah hmuh a si fawn.

Tuan deuh ahcun Quota system hi i ruannak le aa zami hna in kainak lam kha a hrawkkhamtu a si tiah ruah a rak si. Cun Quota system chiahnak thawngin hmuhmi i tluk rualnak hi caantawite chung ca lawng a nguh tiah hmuh a si fawn. A taktak ahcun nu hna i tel khawh nak le nu hna ramkhelnak ah an i telnak thazaang a dertukmi kong kan ruah khawh a si ahcun Quota system hi pa hna tlaidan in sermi phung a si tiah kan hmu lai lo. Nu hna dirhmun ri tukpiak mi chung tu in, sersiampiaknak titu in kan hmuh ko lai. Hi thleidannak le dawnkhantu thil hna hi kan hrawh hna a si ahcun Quota system hi a hau lai lo tiah chimrelnak zong a um len. Quata system cu caantlawmte chung lam lawng a si tiah hmuh a si. A tak in nu hna tthanchonak caah dawnkhantu thil – nunphung, i hawikomhnak le ramkhelnak hna hi kan hrawh dih lai ti ahcun kumza tampi caan a rau dih ding thil a si.

Ramkhelnak ah nu hna an i telkhawhnak lam ah ramkhel bu hna hi innkaa hrampi an si. Zeica’htiah cun anmah nih palai thlahnak kongkau ah a tlaitu an si. Vote a pemi mipi nihcun thildik tak in a zungzal biachahnak a tuah kho lai lo. Mipi nih an thimmi hna cu ramkhel bu hna nih palai thlahmi chungkhan a si ko. Thimtu committee hna nihcun ramkhel bu hna nih thlah mi palai hna chung khan, hi palai hi mi ttha, hi palai i a der timi zohchih in thimnak hmunhma hna ah an min kha tarlangh an si. Me thlak hlan ah ram khelbu hna nih khuazei me hmun dah thazaang a tthawng tibantuk kha an theih khawh. Cu ti boruak ahcun thlahmi palai hna an min kha aho nih dah a tlaih ti kha zoh dingin biapi ngai a si. Nu palai hna tambik an umnak ram hna ahhin nu hna nih an zoh bik mi cu nu palai min peknak hi aho nih dah a tlaih ti hi a si. Cu ti an zohngiatnak thawng cun palai in thimnak hmun ah nu hna i tel khawh nak caah nu i thimnak le party hruaitu lu tlai ah nu hna 50% an i tel khawhnak caah an hal hna.

Quota system hman asi ah siseh, hman lo asi ah siseh, ram tin bu hna i ruahnak peknak cungah le ram chung dirhmun umtuning nih khan tam bik cu a kalpi tawn. Nu hna dirhmun an ngeih lonak ram hna zong nih Quota system hi an vun hman cuahmah cang. Cu bantuk tthiam cun, rian hmun ah siseh, ramkhelnak zawn ah nu hna caan saupi an i tel cangnak Scandinavia ram hna ahcun an vun hman cang.

Parliament ah nu hna i telnak hi (25%) naktam deuh tel tiangin thimnak ah kum (1980) hlan cu an rak hmang rih lo. Quota system tthate in hmannak nih nu le pa i tlukrualte in i tel khawh nak lam kha a sersiam. Quota system hmannak zawn ah me petu mipi nu le pa milu relnak ahcun felfai in an tuah tawn nain, thimnak a dihhnu nu le pa palai hna rian cheuh bauhnak ah an chia kho ti lo. Micheu nih nu le pa caah Quota ser hi i tluk rualnak umnak caah lam ttha pakhat asi tiah an pawm. I thimnak ah mipi nih nu palai siseh, pa palai siseh an mah duhmite thimnak nawl kha an ngei ve. A tawinak in chim ahcun Quota system cu i tlukrualnak kha um seh timi ruahnak lam kha si. Cu ruahnak cu zohtthan ah Scandinavia ram hna hi tlukrualnak zawnah vawleicung ah zohchun ding ram hna cu an si kho ve lo.

Quota Hi Zeibantuk Zawnah Dah Pek A si?

Ramkhelnak ah Quota system a hmangmi ram cozah hna zoh tikah, ram dirhmun cungah an ngeihmi ram phunglam hna aa dang ve. Cu hna cu;

1) Palai hna thimnak zawnah mipi thinlung kha an hniksak (Aspirants Quotas)

2) Thimnak ah aa tel dingmi palai hna an thimnak

3) Thimmi palai hna tiah a um.

Thimnak ah Quota system sullam cu hi a cung phun (3) ahhin ai-awh bu pakhat kha percentage (%) in asiloah, cu zat cu an i tel lai tiah palai zat chiahpiaknak phung ngeih kha a si. Hi a cung phun (3) lak ahhin Quota system tam bik cu pa (2) nak hi biapi in hman a si.

Palai thlahnak ah me pek tikah ai-awhtu bu pakhat nih a tlawmbik a hmuh dingah a herhmi ai-awhnak kha chiahpiak a si. England ram ahcun hlawhtlinnak a tlawm ngaingai. I zuamnak ah me tambik a hmumi palai kha an hman. Hihi a cung Aspirant Quotas phun kha a si. Thimmi palai a zat ah fiangfaite in chiahnak cu (Reserved Seats Quotas) phun (2)nak a si. Thimmi palai hna chungah chiahpiakmi Quotas ningte in thimnak kha a si. Micheu nih palai thimnak ah Reseat Seats chiah hi an duh lo ngaingai. Nihin ni ah aiawhnak ah faingfaite in palai chiahpiaknak hi hmanning phun dangdang in a um ve. A cheu cu Reserved Seat chiahpiak an si ko nain, thimnak ah an i tel ve tthiam. Uganda ram ahcun thimnak ah a hlei in ttuanvo pekmi Committee nih nu palai hna an i zuam nakding hmunhma (Constituency) kha fiangfaite in an thimpiak hna.

Fiangfaite in zuamnak hmunhma chiah piaknak system hi zoh awkah a biapi ngaimi a si. Nu hna caah thimnak ah Quota biami biafang hmannak zawnah thimning phun a dotdot kha a langhter.

Fiangte Rikhiahnak

Quota system hi ram pakhat hi ramuk phunghrampi, a bikin thimnak phunghram ah langhter khawh a si. Hi zawnah phunglam ningte in Quota system chiahnak kong hi chim duhmi a si. Phunglam ningte in Quotas system chiahmi nih ramchung ramkhelbu hna cawlcangh ningkha a ttemtlaih khawh hna. Hi zawn ah ramkhelbu chung i Quotas system chiahning kha chim duh mi a si. Ram pakhat ah ramkhelbu cheukhat nih cun Quota system hi an pawm lo nain, ramkhelbu cheukhat nih cun an pawm i, an ngei ve. Hi zawnte ah Quota system hi phunghram ser u sih ti tikah, ramkhelbu hna nih Quota system a duh le duh lo cungah aa hngak bik lai. Party pakhat nih a duhmi percentage nakin tam deuh zong chiah khawh a si kho men ko. Cu ti asiloah, phunghram telh theng loin, phundang zong in tuah khawh a si ko. (Palai hna thimnak zawn ah hman khawh a si ko).

Aa Tleng Cuahmahmi Tuanbia Kalning 

Ramkhelnak ah nu palai hna tam le tlawm an i tel khawh nak cungah hngak in vawleicung ram hna nih nu dirhmun rikhiahnak cungah tlennak a ummi hmuh khawh a si. Quota system chiahnak ruangah Yaoundé, Costarica, Argentina, Umzumbe le South Africa hna cu vawleicung Parliament phung ah hmaisa an si hna. Nu hna ai-awh i telnak kongah kum tampi chung hmaisa ram a simi Denmark, Findland, Ireland, Norway le Sweden ram hna hi challenges thar an tong cuahmah lio. Quota kong he pehtlai in i elhmainak cu a um ko nain, ttha tein kan hman lai ti ahcun nu hna aa rual in chiahnak caah cun hriamnak pakhat a si ti kha fiangte in a lang.

Kum 2003 ah, vawleicung ah nu Parliament hi 15.2% lawng an si. Kum 2004 ah 15.6% a hun si. Nordis ram hna ah nu hna Parliament an i telning hi 39.7% a sang bik a si i, Arab ram hna ah nu Parliament an i telning hi 6% a niam bik a si. Sub- Saharan tiah auhmi Africa chaklei ram hna ah 14.9% a si ve.

Parliament (Lower House) ah Nu hna Pengtlang Dirhmun in an I tel zat:

Nordics ram hna ah (39.7%)

America continent ram hna ah ( 18.4%)

Europe ram hna ah ( 15.5%)

Asia ram hna ah ( 15.5%)

Africa chak lei ram hna ah ( 14.9%)

Pacific ram hna ah ( 12.1%)

Arab ram hna ah ( 6.0%

Scandinavia ram hna hi zeiruangdah hmailei caan zohchih in zohchun awktlak an si khawh lo?

Nulei rianttuan tub u hna nih Scandinavia ram asi mi Norway, Sweden le Denmark ram hna hi nu covo kongah zohchun awktlak an si tiah rak ruah mi hna ram an rak si. Zeiruang ti ahcun kum 1970 thimnak hrawng ahcun Parliament le nawlngeihnak ah nu palai tam ngai an in tel mi hmuh khawh a si. Scandinavia ram hna ah nu hna ram tin in an i telning cu :

Sweden 45% ( 2002)

Denmark 38% ( 2001)

Finland 38% ( 2002)

Norway 36% (2001)

Ireland 30% (2003)

Scandinavia ram hna ah nu palai hna ram hruianak kongkau tampi an i tel khawnak lam cu an ram an sersiam nak ah thlennak tam pi an tuah caah asi. An ram uknak ah biaknak siseh, hawikhawmhnak (Social life) ah siseh, social democratic party thazaang a tthawng , mipi khuasak tuntuk nak ah chambaunak um loin dingin an uknak nih a sersiam. Kum 1960 hnu lei cun rianttuannak kip ah nu hna tel khawhnak lam an vun tuah. Fimcawnnak (Education) lei zongah nu hna tampi tel khawhnak lam an tuah. Nu le pa tluk-rual in tel khawhnak lam kha thazaang an pek. Cu rianttuannak cu biapi tuk in an chiah. A bik in nu hna nih ramkhel rian ah nu palai hna tampi an i tel khawhnak caah lam phun kip in thazaang an chuah.

Hi zawn ah nu hna tthanchonak lei kong a study tu Norway ram dirhmun hi a biapi ngai ve. Hi ram hna ah kum 1970 ahhin ram dang nak in nu hna ramkhelnak ah an i tel khawhning in a tam deuh ngai ngai. Mi tampi nih Quota system ruangah asi bik lai tiah an ruah damh. Asinain cu cu a tak bik a rak si lo. Parlaiment ah nu caah 25% Quota tiang a hmangmi ram an si lo. Hnu ah nu ramkheltu hna nih hi covo thar hmuh mi kha, nu hna nih an mah party cio ah nu palai Quota kha felfai tein chiah asi nak caah lungrual tein an i rak zuam cio. Nordics ram hna ah Quota system hi ram phun ah chiah in an hmang lem lo. A hmang mi ramkhel bu hna cu a karlak i dirhmun a kalpi mi party hna deuh an si.

Denmark ram party cheu khat cu an hmanmi Quota system kha rau lo te ah an hrawh `han. A hnu bik ahcun Sweden ram nih an hman mi, a pa (2)nak hmun poah cu nu pawl an si lai timi zulhphung kha mipi nih Quota system phung bantuk in an i ruahchih. Ttha tein zoh ahcun mahhi Quota system ah a sangbik tiah ti khawh asi. A ruangbik cu nu le pa tlukrualnak caah nu 50, pa 50 ti bak kha an au pi, an halmi a si caah a si.

Kumzabu 21 ahcun Scandinavia ram hna dirhmun ni zohchun awktlak an si ti lo. Zeiruang ti ahcun hi dirhmun an phanh khawhnak caah kum (80) hrawng an rau. Ni hin nu hna nih, ni tluk chung caan sau hi a hngah in an hngak kho ti lo. A lung a sau lomi nu hna nih cun thimnak ah nu hna caah Quota chiah hi an duh cang. Quota system ah zohchunh awk ttha bik ram cu South Africa ram asi. Kum 1994 , thimnak ah Africa National Congress (ANC) nih democracy ram ttha an sernak ah nu hna caah Quota system kha an chiah caah a voikhatnak thimnak ah nu hna nih 27% an tling ko.

Zohawk le Cawn awk Hmunhma hna Ramkhelnak ah pa hna lawng nih hruainak in kal ning phung hi vawlei cung nubu hna ramkhelbu hnan ih an kawl cuahmah cang. Ram mipi zong nih ram cozah hna nih ramkhelnak ah nu le pa tlukrualnak hi thazaang an pek cuahmah. Ramkhelnak ah nu hna tlukrual in an i tel khawnak caah ram phunglam hrim in ser kha vawlei pi nih a ruah cuahmah cang. Cu ti tthanchonak aummi cu zohcawn awk thar hmunhma phun khat ah ruah a si. Agentina, France, Idnia, Pakistan, South Afica, Sweden le Uganda ram hna ah Quota system ah an telh caah an ram ramkhelnak ah zeidah a cang? Khaw zeibantuk dir hmun zawn ah dah nu hna tthanchonak le tawdawmhnak kha an tuah? Zeitik caan ahdah Quota system ruangah sawiselnak hna an tawn i, an hrial tawn? Hi biahalnak hna hi nu lei kongkau dothlet tu hna le ram kip bu hna, NGO hna nih nih fiangfai tein theih le hmuh khawh aherh.

Quota system a cheu cu mipi nih ruahnak leng in ram tampi nih hman a hun si. Nu le pa zoh chih in thimnak tuahnak hna hi vawlei cung nih mit hmuh in a pawm cuahmah cang. Vawlei cung hmun kip ah Quota system an hman ning aa dannak te te hi zoh tthan le tahchunnak tuah caan a cu cang. Cu ti an i dennak le thil sining tete cu zoh chih in, zeibantuk dah a ttha i, zei bantuk dah a ttha lo ti kha ral ttha tein biachahnak pek khawh aherh. A tawi nak in chim ahcun Quota system chiahnak cu chan tampi chungah ah aa tel kho lomi nu hna an i tel khawhnak caah le nu hna dirhmun santer nak caah timhnak he tuahmi asi ko. Cu ti tuah hnawhchan cu vawlei cung milu ah nu hna nih a cheu (50%) an si ve i, a cheu milu cu nu nih aiawh ruangah biachahnak hmun ah an i tel ve hrim aherh ruangah asi. Nu hna hi a ruang tampi ruangah ramkhelnak ah i tel khawhnak covo an ngei lo. CUcaah an hmuhtonmi a tlawm i, thil ti kho mi sikhawhnak caah an thazaang ader tuk. A tlawm bik 30% in thawk nu caah Quota halnak cu nu hna ramkhelnak ah an i tel khawhnak thazaang peknak caah asi ko. (Phuntungtu Megazine chungta)

References:

Drude Dahlerup ttialmi About Quotas and Quotas are changing the History of Women